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American UFO organized religion (1974–1997)

Heaven's Gate
Heavensgatelogo.jpg
Blazon New religious movement[1]
Nomenclature UFO religion[1]
Orientation Christian millenarianism, New Age, Ufology
Scripture Bible
Leaders Bonnie Nettles (1974-1985)
Marshall Applewhite (1974–1997)
Region United states of america
Headquarters
  • Manzano, New Mexico (1995-1996)
  • San Diego, California (1996-1997)
Founder Marshall Applewhite and
Bonnie Nettles
Origin 1974
Defunct March xix–twenty, 1997 (Religious Move)
Members 41 (Pre-1997), 2 (Mail-1997)
Other name(south) Human being Individual Metamorphosis, Total Overcomers Anonymous
Official website world wide web.heavensgate.com

Heaven's Gate was an American new religious movement, often described as a cult. It was founded in 1974 and led by Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985) and Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997), known within the motility as Ti and Do, respectively.[2] Nettles and Applewhite showtime met in 1972 and went on a journey of spiritual discovery, identifying themselves every bit the two witnesses of Revelation, attracting a post-obit of several hundred people in the mid-1970s. In 1976, the grouping stopped recruiting and instituted a monastic lifestyle.

Scholars have described the theology of Heaven'south Gate as a mixture of Christian millenarianism, New Historic period, and ufology, and as such it has been characterized as a UFO faith.[1] The central belief of the grouping was that followers could transform themselves into immortal extraterrestrial beings by rejecting their human being nature, and they would ascend to heaven, referred to as the "Next Level" or "The Evolutionary Level To a higher place Human". The death of Nettles to cancer in 1985 challenged the grouping'south views on ascension, where they originally believed that they would ascend to sky while alive aboard a UFO, later coming to believe that the trunk was merely a "container" or "vehicle" for the soul, and that their consciousness would be transferred to new "Next Level bodies" upon death.

On March 26, 1997, deputies of the San Diego County Sheriff's Section discovered the bodies of the 39 active members of the grouping, including that of Applewhite, in a firm in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe. They had participated in a mass suicide, a coordinated serial of ritual suicides, coinciding with the closest approach of Comet Unhurt–Bopp.[3] [iv] Just earlier the mass suicide, the group's website was updated with the message: 'Unhurt–Bopp brings closure to Heaven'southward Gate...our 22 years of classroom here on planet Earth is finally coming to conclusion—'graduation' from the Human Evolutionary Level. We are happily prepared to leave 'this earth' and become with Ti's crew.'[five]

The name "Heaven's Gate" was only used for the final few years of the group's existence, and they had previously been known under the names Human being Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous.

History [edit]

The son of a Presbyterian minister and a former soldier, Marshall Applewhite began his foray into Biblical prophecy in the early 1970s. After existence fired from the Academy of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas over an alleged human relationship with one of his male person students, he met Bonnie Nettles, a 44-year-one-time married nurse with an interest in theosophy and Biblical prophecy, in March 1972.[6] The circumstances of their meeting are disputed. According to Applewhite's writings, the ii met in a infirmary where she worked while he was visiting a sick friend there. It has been rumored that it was a psychiatric hospital, but Nettles was substituting for another nurse working with premature babies in the plant nursery.[7] Applewhite later recalled that he felt as though he had known Nettles for a long time and concluded that they had met in a past life.[eight] She told him their meeting had been foretold to her by extraterrestrials, persuading him that he had a divine assignment.[9] [10]

Applewhite and Nettles pondered the life of St. Francis of Assisi and read works by authors including Helena Blavatsky, R. D. Laing, and Richard Bach.[11] [ incomplete brusk citation ] [12] They kept a King James Bible with them and studied several passages from the New Testament, focusing on teachings nigh Christology, asceticism, and eschatology. Applewhite also read science fiction, including works by Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke.[14] By June nineteen, Applewhite and Nettles's behavior had solidified into a basic outline. They concluded that they had been chosen to fulfill biblical prophecies, and that they had been given higher-level minds than other people.[16] They wrote a pamphlet that described Jesus' reincarnation as a Texan, a thinly veiled reference to Applewhite.[17] Furthermore, they ended that they were the 2 witnesses described in the Volume of Revelation[18] and occasionally visited churches or other spiritual groups to speak of their identities, often referring to themselves equally "The Two", or "The UFO Two".[12] [20] They believed they would exist killed then restored to life and, in view of others, transported onto a spaceship. This event, which they referred to as "the Sit-in", was to prove their claims.[17] To their dismay, these ideas were poorly received by existing religious communities.[21]

The Ii would gain their first follower, Sharon Morgan, in May 1974, abandoning her children to join them. A month later Sharon left The 2 and returned to her family unit. Nettles and Applewhite were arrested and charged with credit card fraud for using Morgan'south cards, despite the fact that she had consented to their utilize. The charges were later on dropped. Nonetheless a routine check brought upwardly that Applewhite had stolen a rental car from St. Louis 9 months earlier, which he was still in possession of. Applewhite then spent six months in jail primarily in Missouri, and was released in early 1975, subsequently rejoining Nettles.[21]

Somewhen, Applewhite and Nettles resolved to contact extraterrestrials, and they sought agreeing followers. They published advertisements for meetings, where they recruited disciples, whom they called "the coiffure".[22] At the events, they purported to represent beings from another planet, the Next Level, who sought participants for an experiment. They stated that those who agreed to take office in the experiment would be brought to a college evolutionary level.[23] In April 1975, during a meeting with a metaphysical group of eighty people led by Clarence Klug in Joan Culpepper'south Studio City, Los Angeles habitation, they shared their "simultaneous" revelation that they had been told they were the ii witnesses written into the Bible'southward story of the terminate time.[24] While accounts of the meeting differ, all describe it as momentous and that hold that Applewhite and Nettles presented themselves as charismatic leaders with an important spiritual bulletin. Between 23 and 27 individuals decided to join the group as a result of the meeting.[25]

Later, in September 1975, Applewhite and Nettles preached at a motel hall in Waldport, Oregon. After selling all "worldly" possessions and saying cheerio to loved ones, around 20 people vanished from the hotel and from the public eye and joined the grouping.[six] Later that year, on CBS Evening News, Walter Cronkite reported on the disappearances, in 1 of the offset national reports on the developing religious grouping: "A score of persons... have disappeared. It's a mystery whether they've been taken on a so-called trip to eternity—or simply been taken."[24] In reality, Applewhite and Nettles had arranged for the grouping to become undercover. From that point, "Exercise and Ti" (pronounced "doe and tee"), as the two at present called themselves, led the about one-hundred-member crew across the state, sleeping in tents and sleeping bags and begging in the streets. Evading detection by the regime and media enabled the group to focus on Do and Ti'south doctrine of helping members of the coiffure achieve a "higher evolutionary level" in a higher place man, which they claimed to accept already reached.[24]

Applewhite and Nettles used a diversity of aliases over the years, notably "Bo and Peep" and "Do and Ti". The grouping also had a variety of names—prior to the adoption of the name Heaven'southward Gate (and at the time Vallée studied the group), information technology was known as Human Individual Metamorphosis (HIM). The group re-invented and renamed itself several times and had a variety of recruitment methods.[26] [27] Applewhite believed he was directly related to Jesus, meaning he was an "Evolutionary Kingdom Level In a higher place Human".

Indeed, Applewhite'southward writings, which combined aspects of Millennialism, Gnosticism, and science fiction, suggest he believed himself to exist Jesus' successor and the "Present Representative" of Christ on Earth.[24] Do and Ti taught during the religious movement'south early on ancestry that Do'south bodily "vehicle" was inhabited past the aforementioned alien spirit which belonged to Jesus; also, Ti (Nettles) was presented as God the Father.[24]

The coiffure used numerous methods of recruitment as they toured the United States in destitution, proclaiming the gospel of college level metamorphosis, the deceit of humans by false-god spirits, envelopment with sunlight for meditative healing, and the divinity of the "UFO Two".[24]

In April 1976, the group stopped recruiting and became reclusive, and instituted a rigid ready of behavioural guidelines, including banning sexual practice and the use of drugs. Applewhite and Nettles also solidified that they represented the sole temporal and religious authority of the group. Benjamin Zeller described the movement as having transformed "from a loosely organised social group to a centralized religious movement comparable to a roving monastery".[28]

Some sociologists agree that the popular motility of alternative religious feel and individualism found in collective spiritual experiences during that period helped contribute to the growth of the new religious movement. "Sheilaism", as it became known, was a way for people to merge their diverse religious backgrounds and coalesce around a shared, generalized organized religion, which followers of new religious sects similar Applewhite's coiffure institute a very appetizing alternative to traditional dogmas in Judaism, Catholicism and evangelical Christianity. Many of Applewhite and Nettle's crew hailed from these very diverse backgrounds; most of them are described by researchers as having been "longtime truth-seekers", or spiritual hippies who had long since believed in attempting to "find themselves" through spiritual means, combining faiths in a sort of cultural milieu well into the mid-1980s.[29] However, remarkably, many of those same researchers note that non all of Applewhite's crew were hippies recruited from alternative religious backgrounds—in fact, one such recruit early on on was John Craig, a respected Republican and ranch possessor who came shut to winning a 1970 Colorado House of Representatives race, who joined the grouping in 1975.[30] [31] As recruit numbers grew in its pre-Net days, the association of "UFO followers" all seemed to take in common a need for communal belonging in an alternative path to college existence without the constraints of institutionalized organized religion.

Identifying themselves using the business name "Higher Source", and using their website to proselytize and recruit followers beginning in the early on 1990s. Rumors began spreading throughout the group in the following years that the upcoming Comet Unhurt–Bopp housed the secret to their ultimate salvation and ascent into the kingdom of heaven.[32]

Contemporary media coverage [edit]

Flyer for a Heaven'due south Gate recruitment coming together, Berkeley, California, May, 1994

Heaven's Gate received coverage in Jacques Vallée's book Messengers of Deception (1979), in which Vallée described an unusual public meeting organized past the group. Vallée frequently expressed concerns within the book about contactee groups' disciplinarian political and religious outlooks, and Heaven'south Gate did non escape criticism.[33] Known to the media (though largely ignored through the 1980s and 1990s), Heaven's Gate was better known in UFO circles, as well as through a series of bookish studies past sociologist Robert Balch.

In Jan 1994, the LA Weekly ran an article on the grouping, so known every bit "The Total Overcomers".[34] Richard Ford, who would later play a key role in the 1997 group suicide, discovered Heaven'southward Gate through this article and somewhen joined them, renaming himself Rio DiAngelo.[24]

Declension to Coast AM host Art Bell featured the theory of the "companion object" in the shadow of Unhurt–Bopp on several programs, as early as November 1996; speculation has been raised every bit to whether his programs on the subject contributed to Heaven's Gate's group suicide months afterwards, which Cognition Fight host Dan Friesen blames more on Courtney Brown rather than Bell.[35] [36]

Louis Theroux contacted the Sky's Gate group while making a program for his BBC2 documentary series, Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, in early March 1997. In response to his eastward-mail service, Theroux was told that Sky's Gate could non take part in the documentary because "at the present fourth dimension a project similar this would be an interference with what we must focus on."[37]

Mass suicide [edit]

A typical street corner in Rancho Santa Fe, where the group members of Heaven'due south Gate committed mass suicide in a rented mansion

In Oct 1996,[38] the group began renting a big home which they called "The Monastery", a 9,200 square feet (850 10002) mansion located near 18341 Hill Norte (later on changed to Paseo Victoria) in Rancho Santa Fe, California. They paid $seven,000 per month, in greenbacks.[39] In the same month, the group purchased conflicting abduction insurance that would cover up to fifty members and would pay out $one meg per person (the policy covered abduction, impregnation, or death by aliens).[forty] Prior to this, in June 1995 they had purchased land most Manzano, New Mexico and had begun work creating a compound out of rubber tires and concrete, but had left abruptly in April 1996.[41]

On March 19–twenty, 1997, Marshall Applewhite taped himself in Practice'southward Terminal Exit, speaking of mass suicide and "the but manner to evacuate this Globe". After asserting that a spacecraft was trailing Comet Hale–Bopp and that this event would represent the "closure to Heaven's Gate", Applewhite persuaded 38 followers to ready for ritual suicide so their souls could board the supposed craft. Applewhite believed that after their deaths an unidentified flying object (UFO) would have their souls to another "level of being above human being", which he described equally being both physical and spiritual. Their preparations included each member videotaping a farewell bulletin.

To kill themselves, members took phenobarbital mixed with apple sauce or pudding and washed it downwards with vodka. Additionally, they secured plastic bags effectually their heads later on ingesting the mix to induce asphyxiation. All 39 were dressed in identical black shirts and sweat pants, make new black-and-white Nike Decades athletic shoes, and armband patches reading "Heaven's Gate Away Team" (one of many instances of the group's use of the nomenclature of the fictional universe of Star Trek). Each member had on their person a five-dollar bill and three quarters in their pockets.[42] According to sometime members, this was standard for members leaving the home for jobs and "a humorous way to tell usa they all had left the planet permanently"; the five-dollar bill was for covering the cost of vagrancy laws and the quarters were for calling home from pay phones.[43] In one case a member was dead, a living fellow member would arrange the body by removing the plastic purse from the person's head, followed by posing the body so that it lay neatly in its ain bed, with faces and torsos covered by a foursquare purple cloth for privacy. In an interview with Harry Robinson, the 2 surviving members said that the identical habiliment was used equally a uniform for the mass suicide to represent unity, whilst the Nike Decades were chosen because the grouping "got a good deal on the shoes".[44] Applewhite was also a fan of Nikes "and therefore everyone was expected to clothing and like Nikes" inside the group. Heaven'southward Gate too had a maxim within the group, 'Simply Do it,' using Nike's slogan. They pronounced Do equally Doe, to reflect Applewhite's nickname.[45]

The 39 adherents, 21 women and xviii men between the ages of 26 and 72, are believed to have died in three groups over three successive days, with remaining participants cleaning up after each prior grouping'south deaths.[46] The suicides occurred in groups of fifteen, 15, and 9, betwixt approximately March 22 and March 26.[46] [47] [48] [49] [fifty] [51] [52] [ excessive citations ] Amid the expressionless was Thomas Nichols, brother of the actress Nichelle Nichols, who is best known for her function as Uhura in the original idiot box series of Star Trek.[53] Leader Applewhite was the third to last member to die; two people remained after him and were the but ones who would exist institute with bags over their heads and not having purple cloths roofing their top halves. Before the last of the suicides, similar sets of packages were sent to numerous Heaven'due south Gate affiliated (or formerly affiliated) individuals,[46] and at least one media outlet, the BBC section responsible for Louis Theroux'southward Weird Weekends, for which Sky's Gate had earlier declined participation.

Amidst those in the listing of recipients was Rio DiAngelo. The package DiAngelo received on the evening of March 25,[54] as other packages sent had,[46] contained 2 VHS videotapes, one with Exercise's Final Exit, and the other with the "farewell messages" of group followers.[54] It also independent a letter, stating that amongst other things, "we take exited our vehicles, but as we entered them."[55] Upon informing his boss of the contents of the packages, DiAngelo received a ride from him from Los Angeles to the Sky'southward Gate home in Rancho Santa Fe so he could verify the letter. DiAngelo found a back door intentionally left unlocked to permit admission,[55] and used a video camera to tape what he found. After leaving the firm, DiAngelo's dominate, who had waited exterior, encouraged him to make calls to regime alerting them to his discovery.[54]

The San Diego County Sheriff'south Department received an anonymous tip through the 911 system at 3:fifteen p.m. on March 26,[38] suggesting they "check on the welfare of the residents".[56] Days after the suicides, this caller was revealed to be DiAngelo.[54] [55]

Caller: Yes, I demand to report an bearding tip, who exercise I talk to?

Sherriff'south Department: Okay, this is regarding what?

Caller: This is regarding a mass suicide, and I can give you the address...

—San Diego Canton 911 call, March 26, 1997, iii:xv p.m. PST[55]

The single deputy who outset responded to the phone call entered the home through a side door,[56] saw ten bodies, and was nearly overcome by a "pungent odour".[38] (The bodies were already decomposing in the hot California spring.)[38] After a cursory search by two deputies establish no one alive, both retreated until a search warrant could exist procured.[56] All 39 bodies were ultimately cremated.

Backwash [edit]

The Heaven's Gate consequence was widely publicized in the media as an example of mass suicide.[57] When news bankrupt of the suicides and their relation to Comet Hale–Bopp, the co-discoverer of the comet, Alan Hale, was drawn into the story. Unhurt's telephone "never stopped ringing the entire day". He did not respond until the next twenty-four hours, when he spoke on the subject at a press briefing, merely only after researching the details of the incident.[58] Speaking at the 2d Globe Skeptics Congress in Heidelberg, Germany on July 24, 1998:[59]

Dr. Hale discussed the scientific significance and popular lore of comets and gave a personal account of his discovery. He so lambasted the combination of scientific illiteracy, willful delusions, a radio talk prove'due south deception about an imaginary spacecraft following the comet, and a cult's bizarre yearnings for ascending to another level of existence that led to the Heaven'south Gate mass suicides.[60]

Hale said that well before Heaven'south Gate, he had told a colleague:

'Nosotros are probably going to have some suicides as a issue of this comet.' The pitiful part is that I was really not surprised. Comets are lovely objects, just they don't have apocalyptic significance. Nosotros must use our minds, our reason.[sixty]

News of the 39 deaths in Rancho Santa Atomic number 26 motivated the copycat suicide of a 58-year-sometime human living most Marysville, California.[61] The human left a note dated March 27, which said, "I'grand going on the spaceship with Hale-Bopp to be with those who have gone earlier me," and imitated some of the details of the Heaven'south Gate suicides equally they had been reported in the media up to that betoken. The man was found expressionless past a friend on March 31, and had no known connection with Heaven'due south Gate.[62]

At least three former members of Heaven's Gate ultimately died by suicide themselves in the months after the mass suicide event. On May 6, 1997, Wayne Cooke and Chuck Humphrey attempted suicide in a hotel in a manner similar to that used past the group. Cooke died and Humphrey survived this endeavour.[63] Another old fellow member, James Pirkey Jr., died by suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot wound on May xi. Humphrey, who had survived his first suicide endeavor, ultimately killed himself in Arizona in February 1998.[63] [64]

Many accept chosen the event a mass suicide; all the same, sociologist and old fellow member of a cult, Janja Lalich, has referred to the effect equally "murder".[65]

Two former members, Marc and Sarah King of Phoenix, Arizona, operating as the TELAH Foundation, are believed to maintain the group's website.[66]

Belief system [edit]

Scholars disagree over whether the theology of Heaven'south Gate is fundamentally either New Age or Christian in nature. Benjamin Zeller has argued that the theology of Heaven'southward Gate was primarily rooted in Evangelicalism, simply with New Age elements, and a hermeneutic estimation of the Bible read through the lens of extraterrestrial contact.[67]

Initially the grouping had been told that they would be biologically and chemically transformed into extraterrestrial beings and would be transported with their bodies aboard a spacecraft that would come up to Globe and take the crew to heaven, referred to as the "Next Level". When Bonnie Lou Nettles (Ti) died of cancer in 1985, it confounded the group's doctrine because Nettles was allegedly chosen past the next level to exist a messenger on Globe, yet her body died instead of leaving physically to outer space. The belief organisation was then revised to include the leaving of consciousness from the body, as equivalent to leaving the World in a spacecraft.[68]

The group declared that they were against suicide, every bit they divers "suicide" in their ain context to mean "to turn against the Adjacent Level when information technology is being offered" and believed their "human being" bodies were merely "vehicles" meant to assist them on their journey. Suicide, therefore, would be not allowing their consciousness to get out their human bodies to join the next level; remaining alive instead of participating in the group suicide was considered suicide of their consciousness. In conversation, when referring to a person or a person'south body, they routinely used the give-and-take "vehicle".[69]

The members of the grouping gave themselves three alphabetic character names with the suffix -ody that they adopted in lieu of their original given names, which defines "children of the Next Level". This is mentioned in Applewhite'due south last video, Practice'southward Terminal Go out, filmed March 19–twenty, 1997, only days prior to the suicides.

They believed that, "to be eligible for membership in the Next Level, humans would take to shed every zipper to the planet". This meant all members had to surrender all human being-like characteristics, such as their family unit, friends, gender, sexuality, individuality, jobs, coin, and possessions.[70]

"The Evolutionary Level Above Human" (TELAH) was equally a "concrete, corporeal place",[71] another world in our universe,[72] where residents live in pure bliss and nourish themselves by absorbing pure sunlight.[73] At the adjacent level, beings do not engage in sexual intercourse, eating or dying, the things that make us "mammalian" here.[74] Heaven'southward Gate believed that what the Bible calls God is really a highly developed Extraterrestrial.[75]

Members of Heaven'southward Gate believed that evil space aliens—chosen Luciferians—falsely represented themselves to Earthlings as "God" and conspired to keep humans from developing.[76] Technically advanced humanoids, these aliens take spacecraft, space-time travel, telepathy, and increased longevity.[76] They use holograms to faux miracles.[74] Carnal beings with gender, they stopped training to achieve the Kingdom of God thousands of years ago.[76] Heaven'south Gate believed that all existing religions on Earth had been corrupted past these malevolent aliens.[77]

Although these basic beliefs of the grouping stayed generally consistent over the years, "the details of their ideology were flexible enough to undergo modification over time."[78] There are examples of the group's adding to or slightly changing their beliefs, such as: modifying the fashion one can enter the Side by side Level, changing the way they described themselves, placing more importance on the thought of Satan, and adding several other New Age concepts. 1 of these concepts was the belief of extraterrestrial walk-ins; when the group began, "Applewhite and Nettles taught their followers that they were extraterrestrial beings. However, after the notion of walk-ins became popular inside the New Age subculture, the Two changed their melody and began describing themselves as extraterrestrial walk-ins."[78] The idea of walk-ins is very similar to the concept of being possessed past spirits. A walk-in can be defined as "an entity who occupies a body that has been vacated by its original soul". Sky's Gate came to believe an extraterrestrial walk-in is "a walk-in that is supposedly from another planet".[79]

The concept of walk-ins aided Applewhite and Nettles in personally starting from what they considered to be make clean slates. In this so-called clean slate, they were no longer considered by members of this Heaven'southward Gate group to be the people they had been prior to the start of the group, but had taken on a new life; this concept gave them a way to "erase their man personal histories as the histories of souls who formerly occupied the bodies of Applewhite and Nettles".[79] Over time Applewhite likewise revised his identity in the group to encourage the belief that the "walk in" that was inhabiting his body was the aforementioned that had done so to Jesus 2,000 years ago. Similar to Nestorianism this belief stated that the personage of Jesus and the spirit of Jesus were separable. This meant that Jesus was only the name of the trunk of an ordinary man that held no sacred backdrop that was taken over by an incorporeal sacred entity to deliver "next level" data.

Another New Age belief Applewhite and Nettles adopted was the ancient astronaut hypothesis. The term "ancient astronauts" is used to refer to diverse forms of the concept that extraterrestrials visited Globe in the distant by.[78] Applewhite and Nettles took part of this concept and taught information technology as the conventionalities that "aliens planted the seeds of electric current humanity millions of years ago, and have to come up to reap the harvest of their work in the form of spiritually evolved individuals who will join the ranks of flight saucer crews. Only a select few members of humanity will be chosen to accelerate to this transhuman state. The rest will be left to wallow in the spiritually poisoned atmosphere of a corrupt world."[80] Only the individuals who chose to join Heaven'southward Gate, follow Applewhite and Nettle's belief organization, and make the sacrifices required by membership would be allowed to escape human suffering.

Techniques to enter the next level [edit]

Co-ordinate to Heaven's Gate, one time the individual has perfected himself through the "procedure", at that place were four methods to enter or "graduate" to the next level:[81]

  1. Physical pickup onto a TELAH spacecraft and transfer to a adjacent level body aboard that arts and crafts. In this version, what Professor Zeller calls a "UFO" version of the "Rapture", an conflicting spacecraft would descend to Earth and collect Applewhite, Nettles, and their followers, and their human bodies would be transformed through biological and chemic processes to perfected beings.[82] This and other UFO-related beliefs held by the grouping take led some observers to characterize the group as a type of UFO religion.
  2. Natural expiry, accidental death, or death from random violence. Here, the "graduating soul" leaves the human container for a perfected next-level body.[83]
  3. Exterior persecution that leads to death. Afterward the deaths of the Co-operative Davidians in Waco, Texas, and the events involving Randy Weaver at Crimson Ridge, Applewhite was afraid the American authorities would murder the members of Heaven's Gate.[84]
  4. Willful exit from the body in a dignified fashion. Near the cease, Applewhite had a revelation that they might have to carelessness their human bodies and achieve the adjacent level as Jesus had done.[83] This occurred on March 22 and 23 when 39 members died by suicide and "graduated".[85]

Structure [edit]

In a group open only to adults over the age of eighteen,[86] members gave up their possessions and lived a highly ascetic life devoid of many indulgences. The group was tightly knit and everything was communally shared. In public, each member of the group e'er carried only a five-dollar pecker and one roll of quarters.[87] Eight of the male members of the group, including Applewhite, voluntarily underwent castration as an extreme means of maintaining the ascetic lifestyle.[88] The group initially attempted castration by having ane of the members, a former nurse, perform the castration, but this initial try was very unsuccessful, almost resulted in the patient's decease, and caused at least one member to leave Heaven'southward Gate. Every castration that followed this initial ane was done in a hospital.[89]

The group earned revenues by offering professional website development for paying clients under the business name College Source.[xc]

The cultural theorist Paul Virilio described the grouping as a cybersect, owing to its heavy reliance on computer mediated communication as a fashion of advice prior to its collective suicide.[91] As of Jan 2022, the group'south website is notwithstanding online, 24 years subsequently the mass suicide.[92]

In popular culture [edit]

In 1979, Gary Sherman produced the made-for-Tv picture show Mysterious Two for NBC, based on the exploits of Applewhite and Nettles, so relatively unknown, which aired in 1982.[93] In its first live episode post-obit the mass suicide, Sat Night Live aired a sketch where the cult members made it to infinite. It was followed by a commercial parody for Keds, featuring the tagline, "Worn by level-headed Christians," every bit well as footage of the Nike-clad corpses of the Sky's Gate members.[94] [95] Heaven's Gate: The Cult of Cults, a documentary miniseries well-nigh the cult, was released on HBO Max in 2020.[96] In 2021, Sky's Gate was one of the subjects in the first season of Vice Media's documentary boob tube series Dark Side of the 90's entitled "A Tale of Two Cults".[ commendation needed ]

Nike Decades [edit]

Infamy caused by the mass suicides, limited availability and its sudden and unceremonious discontinuation have been cited every bit reasons for the high resale value of Nike Decades.[97] [98]

Meet likewise [edit]

  • Peoples Temple

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Chryssides 2021, pp. 369–374.
  2. ^ Hexham, Irving; Poewe, Karla (7 May 1997). "UFO Religion—Making Sense of the Heaven's Gate Suicides". Christian Century. pp. 439–440. Retrieved 2007-10-06 .
  3. ^ "Mass suicide involved sedatives, vodka and careful planning". CNN . Retrieved 2010-05-04 .
  4. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond, Jr. (March 29, 1997). "Families Learning of 39 Cultists Who Died Willingly". New York Times . Retrieved 2008-11-09 . According to material the grouping posted on its Net site, the timing of the suicides were probably related to the arrival of the Hale–Bopp comet, which members seemed to regard as a catholic emissary beckoning them to another world.
  5. ^ "Heaven's Gate". Retrieved 2018-07-31 .
  6. ^ a b Goldwag 2009, p. 77.
  7. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 111.
  8. ^ Lalich 2004, pp. 44, 48.
  9. ^ Balch & Taylor 2002, p. 210.
  10. ^ Lalich 2004, p. 43.
  11. ^ Zeller 2006, p. 78 sfnm fault: no target: CITEREFZeller2006 (aid); Bearak 1997.
  12. ^ a b Zeller, Prophets and Protons 2010, p. 123.
  13. ^ Lifton 2000, p. 306.
  14. ^ Chryssides 2005, p. 355.
  15. ^ a b Balch & Taylor 2002, p. 211.
  16. ^ Zeller 2014b, p. 108.
  17. ^ Urban 2000, p. 276.
  18. ^ a b Bearak 1997.
  19. ^ Chryssides 2005, p. 356.
  20. ^ Goerman 2011, p. 60; Chryssides 2005, p. 357.
  21. ^ a b c d east f m Bearman, Joshuah (21 March 2007). "Sky'due south Gate: The Sequel". LA Weekly . Retrieved 2020-11-14 .
  22. ^ Zeller 2014 p.34
  23. ^ Ryan J. Cook, Heaven's Gate Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, webpage retrieved 2008-10-ten.
  24. ^ Mizrach, Steven. "The Facts virtually Heaven's Gate". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-10-10 .
  25. ^ Zeller 2014. pp. 41–42
  26. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 59–65.
  27. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 65–66.
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  • Chryssides, George D., ed. (2011). Heaven's Gate: Postmodernity and Popular Civilisation In A Suicide Grouping. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN978-0-7546-6374-four.

External links [edit]

  • "Heaven's Gate Website".
  • "Profiles: Heaven'southward Gate Timeline". Archived from the original on 2013-03-02.
  • Ramsland, Katherine. "All about Heaven'southward Gate cult". The Crime Library. Archived from the original on 2005-03-05.
  • Heaven's Gate Podcast providing more in-depth information, including interviews with one-time members and relatives
  • Heaven'south Gate VHS Tapes at Net Archive
  • College Lecture on Heaven's Gate at Internet Archive

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)

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